Kecipir Sebagai Sarana Upacara

WINGED BEAN (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) AS HORTICULTURE PLANT AND MEANS OF CEREMONY IN BALI

By

I Putu Wahyu Iswara

ABSTRACT

Winged bean; Kelongkang; Bali, (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) is one of the horticultural crops are often planted by people of Bali the rice fields as a distraction while other horticultural crops. Buds and young pods are often used as vegetables and a variety of processed foods by farmers in Bali. Most Balinese status as farmers, where they have generally rice or garden will be planted with this winged bean. Winged bean plant is the production of horticultural crops that produce good, the fruit can be harvested when young produced are used as a vegetable, when ripe usually fried or sauteed in a part of the contents and seeds, and fruit old winged seeds are used as new or complementary means of ceremony. Winged bean is a common crop grown by the people of Bali in the countryside. A person who has winged bean rice crop is usually planted in the rice fields, because the winged bean plants have crept system, it can be made of the vertical-that make this plant grow up in disguise. Winged bean crops do not require much space so it is very effective farmers in Bali planting cowpeas in the rice field. Winged bean plants grown freely and without good maintenance, but the winged bean is a strong plant that can survive and bear good with treatment. Winged bean plants can be processed into a wide variety of delicious food for consumption. Besides the nutritional content of winged bean is very nice, with the needs of the community nutrition Bali is expected to meet the nutritional needs of the people of Bali. The winged bean is a good source of protein.

     

Key words: Winged bean, Means ceremony, Horticulture

INTRODUCTION

1.1.   Background

Winged bean; Kelongkang; Bali, (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) is one of the horticultural crops are often planted by people of Bali the rice fields as a distraction while other horticultural crops. Buds and young pods are often used as vegetables and a variety of processed foods by farmers in Bali. In addition as a food ingredient, winged old also taken the seeds and used as a supplementary means of ceremony (offerings) in Bali. One of the ceremonial offerings are complementary means of nuts in which there is an old winged seeds (Botor), which is used as a complementary Botor offerings that soroh kacang-kacangan. Most Balinese status as farmers, where they have generally rice or garden will be planted with this winged bean. Winged bean plant is the production of horticultural crops that produce good, the fruit can be harvested when young produced are used as a vegetable, when ripe usually fried or sauteed in a part of the contents and seeds, and fruit old winged seeds are used as new or complementary means of ceremony (offerings). Besides the fruit, winged bean leaves can also be used, exactly the shoots leaves can be used as vegetables, generally the Balinese use the leaves as a mixture lawar cowpeas, vegetables, red beans, and others.

Talking about the ceremony in Bali means, can’t be separated from the beans one of them is this old winged beans (Botor), community facilities Bali always deliver to the completeness of this ceremony and never missed the big ceremony in Bali means. For it is the farmers in Bali has implemented a system efficiency by planting cowpeas in their rice fields, and the Area plantation they have.

1.2.   Research Question

1.2.1.      How does winged bean crop cultivation?

1.2.2.      How society's view of horticultural plants (Winged bean)?

1.2.3.      What are the benefits winged bean for Bali society?

1.2.4.      Banten usage winged bean in Bali?

1.3.   Research Purpose

1.3.1.      Know how to grow the plant winged bean

1.3.2.      To find out the society's view of horticultural plants (Winged bean)

1.3.3.      To determine the benefits winged bean for Bali society

1.3.4.      Knowing what kind of the banten that use winged bean in Bali

1.4.   Rational

For authors

The author will know the benefits of winged bean plants and determine the function of winged bean in the banten

For Farmers

Got knowledge about the benefits of winged bean plants, processing methods, and functions within the means of the ceremony in Bali.

For the Community

People can know and participate in a tour of winged bean crop cultivation because it is very useful and is used in the manufacture of offerings in Bali.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1.  Place and Time Research

The study was conducted in the Pujungan village; Subdistrict Pupuan; Distric Tabanan, on 10-17 May 2015.

2.2.  Research Subjects object

Subjects used are farmers who grow crops cowpeas. The object of this study is winged bean and horticultural crops in the manufacture of vehicle functions ceremony in Bali.

2.3.  Techniques of Data Collection and Research Instrument

Data were collected by conducting interviews with some of the farmers in the Pujungan region, as well as several experts of making the banten.

2.4.  Research Procedure

Research procedure uses the following step: Conduct interviews directly to farmers, and experts the banten, Collecting information about how planting winged bean, Formulate function winged bean plants for horticulture and means of ceremonies in Bali

2.5.   Data Analysis Techniques

Data obtained from interviews and literature, then the data are summarized and discussed using sources, the data presented with an explanation through library

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.   

4.   

3.1.  Cultivation Winged Bean

Winged suitable to be planted in the lowlands to an altitude of 1,600 m above sea level. Can live in soil with low organic matter, clay, sand, and dry soil. winged bean endurance against drought is also good, for the treatment of the winged bean plant does not require a lot of energy. Planting of winged bean is also very easy and inexpensive to do. Here is how winged bean cultivation traditional way:

1.      Cultivation

Planting winged bean / winged bean intensive cultivation begins with tillage. First performed hoeing twice, and immediately made beds 1 mx 20 m or appropriate land length. Cultivation is done until the soil becomes loose or crumbs. After that start made holes to put manure as well as the planting hole. Large planting hole 25 cm x 25 cm x 25 cm. The distance between holes is also the planting distance made 100 cm x 50 cm or 30 cm x 60 cm.

Before the seeds are planted fertilization should be done beforehand, can with manure, 7-10 days in advance. But it can also be done simultaneously with fertilizer seeding. When used chicken manure, fertilizer should be given a week before planting. How to fertilizing enough to provide approximately 0.5 kg of manure per hole and evenly mixed with the soil.

You can also spread it evenly in the bed. For one plot usually takes 50 kg of manure. A week later the new seedlings are planted by burying it deep as 5 cm. For one hectare of land on average it takes 20 liters or 30 kg of seed.

Before planting the seeds should be soaked first in water that has bean given Antracol or other fungicides. Half a kilogram Antracol enough to soak 5 liter seed. The amount of water is just enough to soak up all the seed submerged. Soaking done overnight. The goal is to protect the seeds from fungus attack in the early growth.

2.      Plant Maintenance

Five to seven days later the seeds usually begin to germinate. A week later, the plants began to have four leaves. That's when the first fertilizer in the form of urea and TSP 1: 1 as much as a tablespoon, which buried 10 cm around the plant. But there also are dissolving one tablespoon of urea and TSP in two cups of water, and sprayed 3-5 cm around the plant.

Along with the first fertilization is done also mounting stake. Its width is 2 cm with a height of 2, 5 meters. Each plant was given a stake. Then the end of four adjacent marker tied into one. Or it could be connected to each other with bamboo or rope to form squares lot. Thus the plant will more and more have branches that can be propagated, and production is expected to also increase. In addition, it is easy to harvest.

In addition to this first fertilizing, spraying done also to prevent pests and diseases. Usually given pesticide is Vondozeb, just one tablespoon of mixed 20 liters of water. Spraying is done once a week until the winged bean began flowering at the age of 1.5 months after planting. After flowering frequency was increased to 3 days with the same dose. Because after exit flower plant pests and diseases usually become many. To prevent pest and disease immunity against specific pesticides, should be given different pesticides, for example Antracol, Matador or Tamaron, the dosage as recommended.

Fertilization subsequent aftershocks given a month after fertilization before, with the same dose, at the time it was done too buildup and weeding. Watering is done by soaking the land for some time, depending on soil and weather conditions at the time.

3.      Harvest

The first harvest can be done when the plants are aged from 3 to 3.5 months. winged bean fruit harvested is not too young nor old, roughly the length of 15-20 cm with a width of about 3 cm and bright green. If too old plucked winged bean become unwell again because it is fibrous.

Harvesting can be done by picking fruit just winged bean. But to avoid damage to the crop, the harvest should be done with a sharp knife. The first harvest is usually only about 0.25 kg per plant. Yields of first to fourth still little. But from the fifth harvest up to 20 result increased rapidly up to 1-2 kg per tree.

After the harvest to 20 production usually decreases. To increase it back, the plants need to be pruned as high as 0.5 meters from the base of the stem. Furthermore, the plant treated as before in the barbershop. One month later the plants have started to be harvested back. When the treatment is both plant winged bean can produce up to age 2. But usually after trimming both growth and production has started is not good, because it should plant demolished and replaced with new ones.

Stems and leaves of plants or demolition trimming winged bean results can be embedded as a source of green manure. Additionally leaves are also very good as cattle feed. If the plant has bean dismantled tuber can be taken to be used as a source of carbohydrates.

4.      Manufacture of Seeds

Seeding can be done simultaneously with the planting to consumption. How, after picking fourth to fifth each harvest left over 1-3 winged bean fruit per plant. Winged selected is a big, long, straight, its total of about 8-10 or more, and seamless no-spotted black spots.

Fruit that will be used as seed is allowed to grow old and dry, until arriving when trimming. Fruit picked after the old and should be dried first because not 100% dry. When the weather is sunny in just one week can already peeled fruit for its nut. The seeds are then mixed Antracol of 2.5 kg per one liter seed. 

Then the seeds were stored in cans lined with cement paper and sealed so that the quality and ability to grow the seed has not decreased. Can also be stored seed with a wrapped cloth that hung over the stove to dry because of the smoke and avoid the attack of pests. Seeds can also be consumed as a snack or animal feed industry raw materials, oil, flour, and also made tempe.

3.2.  Societies view Horticulture Plant (Winged bean)

Winged bean is a common crop grown by the people of Bali in the countryside. A person who has winged bean rice crop is usually planted in the rice fields, because the winged bean plants have crept system, it can be made of the vertical-that make this plant grow up in disguise. Winged bean crops do not require much space so it is very effective farmers in Bali planting cowpeas in the rice field. Winged bean plants grown freely and without good maintenance, but the winged bean is a strong plant that can survive and bear good with treatment. Cowpeas planted paddy soil also contains humus and nutrients (nutrients) that is used as a natural fertilizer for the growth and development of these winged bean garden. Not only in the rice field for farmers who have gardens are often planted this winged bean plants, generally farmers who grow winged bean plants in the garden, do not make the rack instead let these winged bean plant vines on trees protector (not on the main production trees), but some farmers make each-the winged bean plant to plant in the garden, they will understand crop production will be reduced if let winged bean grows freely in other plants. For the majority of farmers will make the rack to plant cowpeas in the garden so as not to interfere with the production of the main crops in the garden.

From the interviews conducted in some rice farmers who have and who have gardens, they admitted planting cowpeas in an effort to meet the needs of vegetables in the family, and is used as a complementary means of ceremony the nuts on the offerings. Now is not a lot of farmers growing winged bean, but there are still farmers who grow these winged bean. They claimed that grow cowpeas as a destination for sale and its own needs. Winged very salable in the market, both young fruit, ripe fruit, and the fruit of old, all the circumstances of the fruit can be sold on the market. Farmers who have only a few rice farmers who claimed to continue growing winged bean, it is because they think that winged bean crops planted in rice fields interfere with the way they passed, so they just winged bean crops near their huts were only enough for consumption The family itself. On farmers who have claimed that the plant garden winged creeping in trees led to decreased production of the main tree so not many winged bean crops to be planted. But it is not uncommon to farmers who have a garden to plant more trees in his garden winged they consider that it is the extra income which is very easy to come by because, just need to plant and requires almost no maintenance and then harvest and sell.

3.3.  Winged Bean Benefit for Bali Society

Winged bean or so-called kelongkang by people in Bali is very beneficial for the people in the field of food and ritual paraphernalia. Winged bean plants can be processed into a wide variety of delicious food for consumption. Besides the nutritional content of winged bean is very nice, with the needs of the community nutrition Bali is expected to meet the nutritional needs of the people of Bali. Hand (2013), said the winged bean is a good source of protein. The protein content of interest from 2.8 to 5.6; leaves 5 to 7.6; young pods from 1.9 to 4.3; Fresh beans from 4.6 to 10.7; dry beans and tubers 3-15 from 29.8 to 39, each calculated as grams per 100 grams of fresh weight. The high protein content in all parts of the plant cowpeas may be related to the ability of the roots of these plants to fix nitrogen from the air. In addition to high protein, young shoots (young leaves) were used as a leaf vegetable also has a vitamin A content of 20,000 international units per 100 grams of parts. Seeing the protein content and high vitamin A such, winged bean plants are very suitable to be developed more serious in developing countries such as Indonesia, to meet the nutritional intake through food diversification of both material and presentation.

In addition to good nutritional content, from winged bean seeds used as a complementary means of ceremonies in Bali. Generally, these seeds will be crushed and then mixed with other grains to complement one the banten, the banten expert mentioned that very much at all the banten that use nuts as a complement ceremony, sources said nut as a symbol sincere offerings crops.

3.4.  Means of Ceremony Using Winged Bean in Bali

Winged bean seeds are used in a variety banten. Informants said that a lot of banten that use them winged bean seeds: banten sayut byakala, .banten tebasan solas, banten pemlaspas, banten pangambean, banten suci gede, banten caru, banten saudan jrimpen, banten ngenteg linggih, and many other banten that use the winged bean seeds as a means of additional banten.

CONCUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1.  Conclusion

Winged bean is native to Asia, where Bali general society to plant this winged bean in the rice fields and gardens. But the end is not a lot of farmers who grow crops this winged bean again because they interfere with the production of crops that they grow. Winged bean plants have a high nutritional value that is highly beneficial to society Bali nutrition in general. Winged bean are not only used in consumption, but is also used as a means of ceremonies in Bali. Various types of offerings in Bali using winged bean seeds as a means of fulfillment of ceremonies.

4.2.  Recommendation

Winged bean is a plant that is often grown by farmers in Bali, still keeping the tradition to plant winged bean, because these plants have many benefits, especially for people in Bali.

References

Anonim. 1981. The Winged Bean A High-Protein Crop for the Tropics. Second edition.Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development. Commission on International Relation. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington

Handayani, Tri. 2013. KECIPIR (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.), POTENSI LOKAL YANG TERPINGGIRKAN. Bandung, Kelompok Peneliti Pemuliaan dan Plasma Nutfah, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran

Herath, H.M.W. 1993. Winged Bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus), in Winged Bean and Some Other Vegetable Medicinal Plants in the Tropics and Sub Tropics, Okuba, H. (ed). Nikon Tokushu NousanbutsuKyoukai, Japan.

Hidayat, I.M., R. Kirana, R. Gaswanto dan Kusmana. 2006. Petunjuk Teknis Budidaya dan Produksi Benih beberapa Sayuran Indigenous. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Puslitbanghorti, Badan Litbang Pertanian

Wikipedia. 2105. Kecipir. In https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecipir. Download at 14 June 2015

Yomusa. 2015. Budidaya Tanaman Kecipir Secara Intensif. In http://www.yomusa.com/2015/03/budidaya-tanaman-kecipir-secara-intensif.html. Download at 14 June 2015